ces

masculine/feminine plural of ce: these, those

similarités

plural of similarité

ne

1. not (used alone to negate a verb; now chiefly with only a few particular verbs: see usage notes)
2. not, no (used before a verb, with a coordinating negative element usually following; see Usage Notes, below)
3. Used in a subordinate clause before a subjunctive verb (especially when the main verb expresses doubt or fear), to provide extra overtones of doubt or uncertainty (but not negating its verb); the so-called "pleonastic" or "expletive" ne.
4. In comparative clauses usually translated with the positive sense of the subsequent negative

sont

third-person plural present indicative of être

formalisées

feminine plural of formalisé

début

start, beginning

du

• Contraction

  Contraction of de + le (“of the”)

• Article

par

• Prep

  1. through
  2. by (used to introduce a means; used to introduce an agent in a passive construction)
  3. over (used to express direction)
  4. from (used to describe the origin of something, especially a view or movement)
  5. around, round (inside of)
  6. on (situated on, used in certain phrases)
  7. on, at, in (used to denote a time when something occurs)
  8. in
  9. per, a, an
  10. out of (used to describe the reason for something)
  11. for

• Noun