-en

Signification (English)

1. Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.
2. Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.

Synonyms

en

Prononcé comme (IPA)

/ən/

Étymologie (English)

Inherited from moyen anglais: -n

Cognate with moyen anglais: take(n), took, taken

Cognate with vieux norrois: taka, tók, tekinn

Cognate with ancien anglais: -en

Cognate with moyen anglais: do(n), dud(e), ydo

Inherited from moyen anglais: -en

Inherited from ancien anglais: -an

Cognate with ancien haut allemand: -

Inherited from moyen anglais: -enen

Inherited from ancien anglais: -nian

Cognate with saterlandais: -enje

Cognate with frison occidental: -enje

Cognate with danois: -ne

Cognate with suédois: -na

Cognate with islandais: -na

Inherited from ancien anglais: -en

Cognate with néerlandais: -en

Cognate with allemand: -en

Cognate with islandais: -inn

Cognate with latin: -īnus

In summary

table
From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)). From Proto-Norse *-ᛁᚾᚨ- (*-ina-), from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.